This Regulation shall enter into force on the day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union .

This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.

Done at Brussels, 13 August 2025.

For the Commission

The President

Ursula VON DER LEYEN

( 1 ) OJ L 176, 30.6.2016, p. 21 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/1036/oj .

( 2 ) Notice of initiation of an anti-dumping proceeding concerning imports of valine originating in the People’s Republic of China ( OJ C, C/2024/7460, 19.12.2024, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/C/2024/7460/oj ).

( 3 ) Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/326 of 18 February 2025 making imports of valine originating in the People’s Republic of China subject to registration ( OJ L, 2025/326, 19.2.2025, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2025/326/oj ).

( 4 ) Commission Staff Working Document on Significant Distortions in the Economy of the People’s Republic of China for the purposes of Trade Defence Investigations, 10 April 2024, SWD(2024) 91 final, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/documents-register/detail?ref=SWD(2024)91&lang=en .

( 5 ) Referring also to the updated version of the Report, published in 2024.

( 6 ) Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/752 of 12 April 2023 imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of sodium gluconate originating in the People’s Republic of China following an expiry review pursuant to Article 11(2) of Regulation (EU) 2016/1036 of the European Parliament and of the Council ( OJ L 100, 13.4.2023, p. 16 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2023/752/oj ).

( 7 ) Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/1336 of 25 September 2020 imposing definitive anti-dumping duties on imports of certain polyvinyl alcohols originating in the People’s Republic of China . ( OJ L 315, 29.9.2020, p. 1 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2020/1336/oj ).

( 8 ) Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/441 of 11 March 2021 imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of sulphanilic acid originating in the People’s Republic of China following an expiry review pursuant to Article 11(2) of Regulation (EU) 2016/1036 of the European Parliament and of the Council ( OJ L 85, 12.3.2021, p. 154 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2021/441/oj ).

( 9 ) Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/607 of 14 April 2021 imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of citric acid originating in the People’s Republic of China as extended to imports of citric acid consigned from Malaysia, whether declared as originating in Malaysia or not, following an expiry review pursuant to Article 11(2) of Regulation (EU) 2016/1036 of the European Parliament and of the Council ( OJ L 129, 15.4.2021, p. 73 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2021/607/oj ).

( 10 ) Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/633 of 14 April 2021 imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of monosodium glutamate originating in the People’s Republic of China and in Indonesia following an expiry review pursuant to Article 11(2) of Regulation (EU) 2016/1036 of the European Parliament and of the Council . ( OJ L 132, 19.4.2021, p. 63 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2021/633/oj ).

( 11 ) Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/1959 of 17 July 2024 imposing a provisional anti-dumping duty on imports of erythritol originating in the People’s Republic of China ( OJ L, 2024/1959, 19.7.2024, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2024/1959/oj ).

( 12 ) Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2211 of 5 September 2024 imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of oxalic acid originating in India and the People’s Republic of China following an expiry review pursuant to Article 11(2) of Regulation (EU) 2016/1036 of the European Parliament and of the Council ( OJ L, 2024/2211, 6.9.2024, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2024/2211/oj ).

( 13 ) Report, p. 26.

( 14 ) See at: http://www.cnchemicals.com/Press/91652-Star%20Lake%20Bioscience%20to%20acquire%20Eppen%20Biotechs%2099.22%20percent%20equity.html ; here Annex 11 (accessed on 21 October 2024).

( 15 ) See at: https://thehill.com/policy/defense/3662967-lawmakers-raise-concerns-about-chinese-based-firms-acquisition-of-land-near-us-military-installation/ ; here Annex 12 (accessed on 21 October 2024).

( 16 ) See Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/633, rec. (62).

( 17 ) See Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2211, recs. (76)-(81).

( 18 ) See Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/752, rec. (51) and (52).

( 19 ) See Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/633, rec. (76); Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/1959, rec. (126) et seq.; Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2211, recs. (67)-(69) and (158) et seq.

( 20 ) See Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/633, rec. (77).

( 21 ) Idem, rec. (78).

( 22 ) Report, p. 69.

( 23 ) Report, p. 223.

( 24 ) See Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/752, rec. (65).

( 25 ) See Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2211, rec. (185).

( 26 ) Report – Chapter 2, p. 7.

( 27 ) Report – Chapter 2, p. 7-8.

( 28 ) Report – Chapter 2, p. 10, 18.

( 29 ) See at: http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/englishnpc/Constitution/node_2825.html (accessed on 21 October 2024).

( 30 ) Report – Chapter 2, p. 29-30.

( 31 ) Report – Chapter 4, p. 57, 92.

( 32 ) Report – Chapter 6, p. 149-150.

( 33 ) Report – Chapter 6, p. 153 -171.

( 34 ) Report – Chapter 7, p. 204-205.

( 35 ) Report – Chapter 8, p. 207-208, 242-243.

( 36 ) Report – Chapter 2, p. 19-24, Chapter 4, p. 69, p. 99-100, Chapter 5, p. 130-131.

( 37 ) See at: https://cn.meihua.group/ (accessed on 15 May 2025).

( 38 ) See at: http://www.fufeng-group.com/ (accessed on 15 May 2025).

( 39 ) See at: https://www.huahengbio.com/ (accessed on 15 May 2025).

( 40 ) See at: https://www.eppen.com.cn/aboutUs/companyOverview?location=honor (accessed on 16 May 2025).

( 41 ) See at: https://www.starlake.com.cn/About/Detail?Node=200800800&rid=100000017133126 , as well as in the company’s annual report (p. 90) at: http://file.finance.sina.com.cn/211.154.219.97:9494/MRGG/CNSESH_STOCK/2025/2025-4/2025-04-22/10924371.PDF (accessed on 16 May 2025).

( 42 ) See Art. 33 of the CCP Constitution, Article 19 of the Chinese Company Law. See Report – Chapter 3, p. 47-50.

( 43 ) See at: http://www.moa.gov.cn/gk/cwgk_1/nybt/202206/t20220610_6402146.htm , paragraph 20 (accessed on 16 May 2025).

( 44 ) See at: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2022-02/11/content_5673082.htm , Section II.6, Box 2 (accessed on 16 May 2025).

( 45 ) See Section IV.10 of the Plan available at: https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/ghwb/202205/t20220510_1324436.html (accessed on 16 May 2025).

( 46 ) Report – Chapter 2, p. 24-27.

( 47 ) See at: http://m.cfia.org.cn/site/term/5.html (accessed on 16 May 2025).

( 48 ) See at: http://m.cfia.org.cn/#menu (accessed on 16 May 2025).

( 49 ) See at: http://m.cfia.org.cn/site/content/2092.html (accessed on 16 May 2025).

( 50 ) See at: http://m.cfia.org.cn/site/term/3.html (accessed on 16 May 2025).

( 51 ) See at: https://www.siacn.org.cn/dl/pjn-252Bx-.html (accessed on 16 May 2025).

( 52 ) See at: https://www.siacn.org.cn/dl/IOa-252B22.html (accessed on 16 May 2025).

( 53 ) See at: https://www.siacn.org.cn/dl/gB2Ahrt0BX.html (accessed on 16 May 2025).

( 54 ) See Art. 5 of the Law on Promoting the Private Sector, available at: https://www.gov.cn/yaowen/liebiao/202504/content_7022018.htm (accessed on 16 May 2025).

( 55 ) Report – Chapter 3, p. 40.

( 56 ) See for example: Blanchette, J. – Xi’s Gamble: The Race to Consolidate Power and Stave off Disaster ; Foreign Affairs, Vol. 100, No 4, July/August 2021, pp. 10-19.

( 57 ) Report – Chapter 3, p. 41.

( 58 ) See at: https://merics.org/en/comment/who-ccp-chinas-communist-party-infographics (accessed on 16 May 2025).

( 59 ) General Office of CCP Central Committee’s Guidelines on stepping up the United Front work in the private sector for the new era, see at: www.gov.cn/zhengce/2020-09/15/content_5543685.htm (accessed on 16 May 2025).

( 60 ) Financial Times (2020) – Chinese Communist Party asserts greater control over private enterprise, see at: https://on.ft.com/3mYxP4j (accessed on 16 May 2025).

( 61 ) See Guangdong Zhaoqing Starlake Ltd.’s annual report 2024 p.42, available at: http://file.finance.sina.com.cn/211.154.219.97:9494/MRGG/CNSESH_STOCK/2025/2025-4/2025-04-22/10924371.PDF (accessed on 20 May 2025).

( 62 ) See Meihua Group’s annual report 2023, p.39, available at: https://file.finance.sina.com.cn/211.154.219.97:9494/MRGG/CNSESH_STOCK/2024/2024-3/2024-03-19/9880386.PDF (accessed on 23 May 2025).

( 63 ) Report – Chapter 14, Sections 14.1 to 14.3.

( 64 ) See Art. 16 of the Law on Promoting the Private Sector, available at: https://www.gov.cn/yaowen/liebiao/202504/content_7022018.htm (accessed on 16 May 2025).

( 65 ) Report – Chapter 4, p. 56-57, 99-100.

( 66 ) See at: http://www.moa.gov.cn/gk/cwgk_1/nybt/202206/t20220610_6402146.htm , paragraphs 6 and 15 (accessed on 20 May 2025).

( 67 ) See at: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2022-02/11/content_5673082.htm (accessed on 20 May 2025).

( 68 ) Ibid., Section II.1.

( 69 ) See at: http://www.moa.gov.cn/govpublic/ZZYGLS/202201/t20220113_6386808.htm (accessed on 20 May 2025).

( 70 ) Ibid., Section III.1.3.

( 71 ) See at: https://www.siacn.org.cn/ds/220877802e.html (accessed on 20 May 2025).

( 72 ) Ibid., Section I.1.2.

( 73 ) See at: https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/jd/jd/202205/t20220509_1324417.html (accessed on 20 May 2025).

( 74 ) Ibid., Section III.6.

( 75 ) See at: http://lvsefazhan.cn/index.php/guozijianguan/408.html (accessed on 21 October 2024).

( 76 ) Ibid., Section IV.3.

( 77 ) See at: https://www.sohu.com/a/756699103_121769698 (accessed on 20 May 2025).

( 78 ) See at: http://jilin.chinatax.gov.cn/art/2023/11/6/art_334_710476.html (accessed on 20 May 2025).

( 79 ) Ibid.

( 80 ) See at: http://www.jlbc.gov.cn/xxgk_3148/ywdt/202409/t20240927_999796.html (accessed on 20 May 2025).

( 81 ) See at: http://jilin.china.com.cn/2023-11/23/content_42606308.html (accessed on 23 May 2025).

( 82 ) See p. 193, available at: http://www.sse.com.cn/disclosure/listedinfo/announcement/c/new/2025-03-18/600873_20250318_U2QP.pdf (accessed on 21 May 2025).

( 83 ) See at: https://heilongjiang.dbw.cn/system/2023/03/30/059101404.shtml (accessed on 21 May 2025).

( 84 ) Report – Chapter 6, p. 171-179.

( 85 ) Report – Chapter 9, p. 260-261.

( 86 ) Report – Chapter 9, p. 257-260.

( 87 ) Report – Chapter 9, p. 252-254.

( 88 ) Report – Chapter 13, p. 360-361, 364-370.

( 89 ) Report – Chapter 13, p. 366.

( 90 ) Report – Chapter 13, p. 370-373.

( 91 ) Report – Chapter 6, p. 137-140.

( 92 ) Report – Chapter 6, p. 146-149.

( 93 ) Report – Chapter 6, p. 149.

( 94 ) The official policy document of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission of 28 August 2020: Three-year action plan for improving corporate governance of the banking and insurance sectors (2020-2022 ), see at: http://www.cbirc.gov.cn/cn/view/pages/ItemDetail.html?docId=925393&itemId=928 (accessed on 21 October 2024). The Plan instructs to ‘ further implement the spirit embodied in General Secretary Xi Jinping’s keynote speech on advancing the reform of corporate governance of the financial sector ’. Moreover, the Plan’s section II aims at promoting the organic integration of the Party’s leadership into corporate governance: ‘w e shall make the integration of the Party’s leadership into corporate governance more systematic, standardised and procedure-based […] Major operational and management issues must have been discussed by the Party Committee before being decided upon by the Board of Directors or the senior management ’.

( 95 ) CBIRC’s Notice on the Commercial banks performance evaluation method , issued on 15 December 2020, see at: http://jrs.mof.gov.cn/gongzuotongzhi/202101/t20210104_3638904.htm (accessed on 21 October 2024).

( 96 ) Report – Chapter 6, p. 157-158.

( 97 ) Report – Chapter 6, p. 150-152, 156-160, 165-171.

( 98 ) OECD (2019), OECD Economic Surveys: China 2019, OECD Publishing, Paris. p. 29, see at:

https://doi.org/10.1787/eco_surveys-chn-2019-en (accessed on 21 October 2024).

( 99 ) See at: http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-04/20/content_5504241.htm (accessed on 21 October 2024).

( 100 ) World Bank Open Data – Upper Middle Income, https://data.worldbank.org/income-level/upper-middle-income .

( 101 ) The factors of production affected were: (i) glucose monohydrate and SOD powder, with 83,46 % of imports originating in China; (ii) phosphoric acid, with 82,36 % of imports originating in China; (iii) caustic soda, with 45,11 % of imports originating in China; and (iv) activated carbon, with 46,12 % of imports originating in China. These factors of production amounted to [1-10] % of the total manufacturing cost of the sampled exporting producers.

( 102 ) Harjo, B., Ng, K. M., and Wibowo, C., ‘Development of Amino Acid Crystallization Processes: l-Glutamic Acid’, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research , 46 (9), 2007, pp. 2814-2822.

( 103 ) In addition, as both citric acid and valine are products used by the pharmaceutical and food industries and are subject to strict quality requirements in their production.

( 104 ) Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/633, recs. (26)-(27), (64) and (75).

( 105 ) Ibidem, rec. (65).

( 106 ) Ibidem, recs. (26)-(27).

( 107 ) Ibidem, rec. (26).

( 108 ) https://orbis-r1.bvdinfo.com/version-20250325-6-0/Orbis/1/Companies/Search .

( 109 ) Regulation (EU) 2015/755 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2015 on common rules for imports from certain third countries ( OJ L 123, 19.5.2015, p. 33 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2015/755/oj ).

( 110 ) These were: (i) glucose monohydrate and SOD powder, with 83,46 % of imports originating in China; (ii) phosphoric acid, with 82,36 % of imports originating in China; (iii) caustic soda, with 45,11 % of imports originating in China; and (iv) activated carbon, with 45,11 % of imports originating in China. They amounted to [1-10] % of the total manufacturing cost of the sampled exporting producers.

( 111 ) These were: (i) glucose monohydrate and SOD powder, with 80,55 % of imports originating in China; (ii) activated carbon, with 48,96 % of imports originating in China; and (iii) acetic acid, with 68,38 % of imports originating in China. They amounted to [1-6] % of the total manufacturing cost of the sampled exporting producers.

( 112 ) These were: (i) glucose monohydrate and SOD powder, with 36,38 % of imports originating in China; (ii) phosphoric acid, with 65,30 % of imports originating in China; and (iii) activated carbon, with 39,59 % of imports originating in China. They amounted to [1-8] % of the total manufacturing cost of the sampled exporting producers.

( 113 ) Notice of Initiation of Investigation and Interim Measures – EAPA Consolidated Case 7950, 9 July 2024, p. 3.

( 114 ) Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/698 of 10 April 2025 extending the definitive anti-dumping duty imposed by Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/633 on imports of monosodium glutamate originating in the People’s Republic of China to imports of monosodium glutamate consigned from Malaysia, whether declared as originating in Malaysia or not ( OJ L, 2025/698, 11.4.2025, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2025/698/oj ), rec. (60).

( 115 ) Ibidem, rec. (44).

( 116 ) https://connect.ihsmarkit.com/gta/home .

( 117 ) http://www.dosm.gov.my/uploads/release-content/file_20241108110530.pdf .

( 118 ) https://www.tnb.com.my/commercial-industrial/pricing-tariffs1 .

( 119 ) https://www.span.gov.my/document/upload/n8sVd7sPHPq3A68TTVeLYLvJiU1sC3Ta.pdf .

( 120 ) https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/ .

( 121 ) https://www.enel.com.co/en/people/energy-rates.html .

( 122 ) https://www.acueducto.com.co/wps/portal/EAB2/Home/atencion-al-usuario/tarifas/tarifas2023 ; https://www.acueducto.com.co/wps/portal/EAB2/Home/atencion-al-usuario/tarifas/tarifas_2024 .

( 123 ) Until 6 digits as defined in the Harmonized System of the World Customs Organization (WCO).

( 124 ) While relevant codes include also 1005 90 10 , 1005 90 90 , 1005 90 99 and 100590000019, GTA data were retrieved only under code 1005 90 11 .

( 125 ) Price adjusted to reflect the premium of non-GMO corn, see recital (224).

( 126 ) Price adjusted to reflect the premium of non-GMO corn, see recital (224).

( 127 ) https://www.enel.com.co/en/people/energy-rates.html .

( 128 ) https://www.acueducto.com.co/wps/portal/EAB2/Home/atencion-al-usuario/tarifas/tarifas2023 ; https://www.acueducto.com.co/wps/portal/EAB2/Home/atencion-al-usuario/tarifas/tarifas_2024 .

( *1 ) GTA data used were GTA data for corn (customs code 10059011). For pro rata, see recital (246).

( 129 ) Regulation (EU) 2015/755 on common rules for imports from certain third countries. Article 2(7) of the basic Regulation considers that domestic prices in those countries cannot be used for the purpose of determining normal value.

( 130 ) https://www.macmap.org/ .

( 131 ) Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/74 of 13 January 2025 imposing a provisional anti-dumping duty on imports of lysine originating in the People’s Republic of China ( OJ L, 2025/74, 14.1.2025, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2025/74/oj ), rec. (184).

( 132 ) https://ukragroconsult.com/en/news/china-corn-breeders-ready-for-doubling-of-gmo-planting-in-2024-sources/ .

( 133 ) Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/74, rec. (184).

( 134 ) https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/adoption-of-genetically-engineered-crops-in-the-united-states/recent-trends-in-ge-adoption .

( 135 ) https://usda.library.cornell.edu/concern/publications/zw12z530q?locale=en .

( 136 ) Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/74, rec. (188).

( 137 ) Supersociedades is an official body linked to the Colombian Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism, as noted in https://www.supersociedades.gov.co/web/nuestra-entidad .

( 138 ) Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/74, rec. (212).

( 139 ) Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/1336, rec. (352).

( 140 ) Judgment of 21 February 2024, Sinopec Chongqing SVW Chemical and Others v Commission , T-762/20, ECLI:EU:T:2024:113.

( 141 ) Judgment of 2 October 2024, CCCME and Others v Commission , T-263/22, ECLI:EU:T:2024:663.

( 142 ) Ibidem, para. 183.

( 143 ) Ibidem, para. 185.

( 144 ) Ibidem, para. 188.

( 145 ) Ibidem, para. 184.

( 146 ) The decrease is evidenced on the verified data provided by the Union producer, and public available information from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC).

( 147 ) The decrease is evidenced on the verified data provided by the Union producer.

( 148 ) https://www.quimidroga.com/en/chemical-distributor/ .

COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) 2025/1737 of 13 August 2025 imposing a provisional anti-dumping duty on imports of valine originating in the People’s Republic of China ANNEX